Overall Sources: Home (Global Map), Solutions, Quizzes.

1) Iglesias Ang

Student ID: 2204672

2) Ioana-Andreea Museteanu

Student ID: MUSET42701

3) Maryam Alaali

Student ID: 2204446

Home Page Sources - Iglesias

Statistics provided on the home page (e.g. Wealth Inequality:

Top 10% owns x% of total share of wealth), were sourced from Chancel et al. (2022, p. 12) 'World Inequality Report 2022' and cross referenced with the report's data provided under methodology from World Inequality Report (2022) (see annotation) in the excel sheet.

Home Page Global Map Sources Breakdown.

Region	Description	Sources
North America	Economic disasters (stock market crash etc). Income disparities across racial groups. Gender pay gap and underrepresentation in the labour market.	(Ćorić and Gupta. 2023) and (Brown et al., 2024).
Europe	Rapid globalisation and technological change. Under developed innovation systems and labour skills - Youth unemployment. Taxation systems favouring the rich over the generic population.	(Yanatma, 2024) and (Widuto 2019).
Latin America	Lack of access to quality education. Segregation of people based on classes. Ineffective governmental policies to reduce wealth inequality.	(IDB, 2020) and (Matías and Julián, 2020, p. 24).
East Asia	Rapid globalisation. Technological advancements. Market-oriented reform.	(Zhuang, 2022) and (Jain-Chandra et al., 2016).
South East Asia	Rapid globalisation and urbanisation. High levels of informal employment. Gender inequality in the labour force.	(Cook and Pincus, 2014).
Middle East and Africa	Resource concentration (oil, agriculture etc). Elitism from 'dual-societies' cultures. Gender inequality in the labour force.	(Assouad et al., 2018) and (Chancel et al., 2022, p. 32).

Quizzes - Iglesias & Rossi

Members	Questions	Sources
Iglesias	Per the Gini Coefficient Index, Which country currently has the highest wealth inequality?	(World Population Review, 2025).
Iglesias	What does the Gini coefficient measures?	(Hasell, 2023).
Iglesias	Which regions globally has the most wealth inequality?	(WID, 2024).
Iglesias	What is a common cause for wealth inequality?	(Bourguignon, 2018).
Iglesias	What is wealth Inequality?	(BBC, no date) and (International Monetary Fund, no date).
Iglesias	Globally, for every $1 men makes, how much do women earn for work of equal value? - By The United Nations	(United Nations, 2024)
Rossi	What percentage of the world's wealth is owned by the richest 1% of the population?	(Oxfam International, 2024).
Rossi	Since the COVID-19 pandemic started in 2020, how much has billionaires increased worldwide?	(Oxfam International, 2022).

Closing The Gap - Solution Page - Iglesias, Ioana, Maryam

Business Solutions: - Iglesias

Bulletpoints	Description	Sources
1)	Strengthening employee ownership will assist marginalised communities in building wealth, improve job performance, and create a more inclusive environment for regarding race and gender.	(Weissbourd et al., 2021).
2)	Focusing on short-term gains creates inequality. Businesses should priories fair wages, inclusivity, and long-term investments alongside including all employee’s interests in decision-making, governance and performance metrics.	(Brou et al., 2021).
3)	Partner with grassroots and policy organisations can empower communities, promotes inclusive fair growth, and ensuring accountability in wealth inequality.	(Weissbourd et al., 2021).

Government Solutions: - Iglesias and Maryam

Bulletpoints	Description	Sources
1)	Adopting a more progressive tax system will ensure the elites contribute their fair share, reduce income disparity and provide the funding for essential public services, ultimately enhancing social mobility and economic prosperity.	(Atkinson, 2016, p.30 ).
2)	Improving wealth transfer policies through fair distribution (e.g. universal minimum inheritance) rather than concentration, can create more economic equity and fairness in society.	(Atkinson, 2016, p.30 ).
3)	Enhance the quality of education and provide avenues such as free access to higher education will provide all individuals to pursue opportunities regardless of background, creating a more inclusive and accessible education system	(Walker et al., 2019) and (Wright, 2000, p. 148).

We The People Solutions: - Ioana

Bulletpoints	Description	Sources
1)	We can choose to buy from businesses that pay fair wages, offer good working conditions, and invest in their employees. This creates market incentives for companies to improve labor practices.	(Rodrik and Sabel, 2019).
2)	We should advocate for fairer policy changes - such as such as fair taxation, improved labor protections, and corporate accountability— necessary factors to address structural wealth inequality.	(Rodrik and Sabel, 2019).
3)	Investing in small businesses and cooperatives helps circulate wealth within communities, reducing economic disparities and promoting fair wages.	(Rodrik and Sabel, 2019).

Reference List

Assouad, L., Piketty, T. and Alvaredo, F. (2018) Inequality in the Middle East. VOX EU CEPR. Available at: https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/inequality-middle-east (Accessed: 8 March 2025).
Atkinson, A.B. (2016) ‘How to Spread the Wealth: Practical Policies for Reducing Inequality’,. Foreign Affairs, 95(1), pp.29–33. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43946623
BBC (no date) Income and wealth inequality - Nature of social inequality - National 5 Modern Studies Revision. BBC Bitesize. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z7gmn39/revision/2 (Accessed: 2 February 2025).
Bourguignon, F. (2018). ‘World Changes in Inequality: an Overview of Facts, Causes, Consequences, and Policies’,. CESifo Economic Studies, 64(3), pp.345–370. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifx028
Brou, D., Chatterjee, A., Coakley, J., Girardone, C. and Wood, G. (2021) ‘Corporate governance and wealth and income inequality’, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 29(6), pp.612–629. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12391
Brown, M., McKernan, S.-M., Garon, T., Cohen, O., Harvey, C., Steuerle, C.E. and Biu, O. (2024) Nine Charts about Wealth Inequality in America (updated). Available at: https://apps.urban.org/features/wealth-inequality-charts/ (Accessed: 8 March 2025).
Busso, M. and Messina, J. (2020) The Inequality Crisis: Latin America and the Caribbean at the Crossroads. IDB, pp.1–351. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002629 (Accessed: 8 March 2025).
Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E. and Zucman, G. (2022) World Inequality Report 2022. [online] pp.1–236. Available at: https://wir2022.wid.world/www-site/uploads/2023/03/D_FINAL_WIL_RIM_RAPPORT_2303.pdf (Accessed: 9 March 2025).
Cook, S. and Pincus, J. (2014) ‘Poverty, Inequality and Social Protection in Southeast Asia: An Introduction’,. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 31(1), pp.1–17. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43264696
Ćorić, B. and Gupta, R. (2023) ‘Economic disasters and inequality: a note’,. Economic change and restructuring, 56, pp.3527–3543. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-023-09543-3
Hasell, J. (2023) Measuring inequality: What is the Gini coefficient?, Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-the-gini-coefficient (Accessed: 15 March 2025).
IDB (2020) Deep inequalities worsen Latin America and Caribbean vulnerabilities to crises: IDB report | IADB. Available at: https://www.iadb.org/en/news/deep-inequalities-worsen-latin-america-and-caribbean-vulnerabilities-crises-idb-report (Accessed: 8 March 2025).
International Monetary Fund (no date) Income Inequality Introduction to Inequality. [online] International Monetary Fund. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/Inequality/introduction-to-inequality (Accessed: 2 February 2025).
Jain-Chandra, S., Kinda, T., Kochhar, K., Piao, S. and Schauer, J. (2016) Sharing the Growth Dividend: Analysis of Inequality in Asia. IMF Working Papers, 16(48), pp.2–56. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2016/wp1648.pdf
(Accessed: 8 March 2025).
Oxfam International (2022) ‘Pandemic creates new billionaire every 30 hours — now a million people could fall into extreme poverty at same rate in 2022’, 23 May [Press Release]. Oxfam International. Available at: https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/pandemic-creates-new-billionaire-every-30-hours-now-million-people-could-fall (Accessed: 15 March 2025).
Oxfam International (2024) ‘World’s top 1% own more wealth than 95% of humanity, as “the shadow of global oligarchy hangs over UN General Assembly, says Oxfam'’, 23 September [Press Release].. Oxfam International. Available at: https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/worlds-top-1-own-more-wealth-95-humanity-shadow-global-oligarchy-hangs-over-un (Accessed: 15 March 2025).
Rodrik, D. and Sabel, C. (2019) ‘Building a Good Jobs Economy’, Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Research Working Paper No. RWP20-001. Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2608/?utm_source=scholarship.law.columbia.edu%2Ffaculty_scholarship%2F2608&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
United Nations (2024). International Equal Pay Day. United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/observances/equal-pay-day (Accessed: 15 March 2025).
Walker, J., Pearce, C., Boe, K. and Lawson, M. (2019) The power of education to fight inequality. Oxfam International, pp.1–16. Available at: https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/bp-education-inequality-170919-summ-en.pdf (Accessed: 9 March 2025).
Weissbourd, J., Conway, M., Klein, J., Chang, Y., Kruse, D., Hoover, M., Leverette, T., McKinley, J. and Trenholm, Z. (2021) ‘Race and gender wealth equity and the role of employee share ownership’, Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership, 4(2), pp.116–135. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPEO-08-2021-0008
WID (2024) Inequality in 2024: a closer look at six regions. WID - World Inequality Database. Available at: https://wid.world/news-article/inequality-in-2024-a-closer-look-at-six-regions/ (Accessed: 15 March 2025).
Widuto, A. (2019) BRIEFING EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2019/637951/EPRS_BRI(2019)637951_EN.pdf (Accessed: 22 February 2025).
World Economic Forum (2021) Global Gender Gap Report 2021. pp.1–405. Available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf (Accessed: 8 March 2025).
World Inequality Report (2022) Methodology Download the datasets, figures and methodological documents. Wid.world. Available at: https://wir2022.wid.world/www-site/uploads/2022/03/WIR2022TablesFigures-Summary.xlsx (Accessed: 8 March 2025). Annotation: Data was download here and cross referenced with the full report to ensure accuracy. Specifically, under ‘data-F4’ for the statistic presented in the home page.
World Population Review (2025) Wealth Inequality by Country 2025. Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/wealth-inequality-by-country#wealth-inequality-and-the-gini-index (Accessed: 15 March 2025).
Wright, E.O. (2000) ‘Reducing Income and Wealth Inequality: Real Utopian Proposals’,. Utopian Visions: Engaged Sociologies for the 21st Century , 29(1), pp.143–156. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2654939?casa_token=RW0nrkvgcJIAAAAA%3Af7F3lmveLK_iqKZdWzixsJy1C6bWQOHP4Td-kpEY_BKHH6jMSizJkjrrZk9FQMLN-StJoHS7MBs5jqKZoSvGitoTY8CAiPxgR5Ntj53cCmttnDHo-w&seq=1
Yanatma, S. (2024) 'Where in Europe has the most wealth inequality?', euronews, 4 April . Available at: https://www.euronews.com/business/2024/04/01/wealth-inequality-where-in-europe-is-wealth-most-unfairly-distributed (Accessed: 22 February 2025).
Zhuang, J. (2022) ‘Income and Wealth Inequality in Asia and the Pacific: Trends, Causes, and Policy Remedies’, Asian Economic Policy Review, 18(1), pp.15–41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12399